The world armed conflict .hack10/12/2023 ![]() ![]() It was also assisted in its cyber defense by friendly countries and private actors with whom it had developed cooperative relationships before the conflict. It is likely that Ukraine, forewarned by Russian cyber actions that began as early as 2014, was better prepared as a result. Better-than-expected Ukrainian defenses seem to be one hallmark of this invasion and the primary reason why Russian cyber efforts have had limited effect. The so-far inept Russian invasion, where cyber operations have provided little benefit, raises questions about the balance between defense and offense in cyberspace, the utility of offensive cyber operations, and the requirements for planning and coordination. This is a preliminary review of cyber operations in the Ukraine conflict based on publicly available information. Ukraine was not the first “cyber war”-the term itself makes little sense-but it was the first major conflict involving large-scale cyber operations.
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